2018-2019 University Catalogue

Apr 20, 2024

2018-2019 University Catalogue [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions

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Neuroscience
	NEUR 379 - Fundamentals of Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology Focuses on two diseases: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and idiopathic Alzheimer’s disease. The initial portion of the course examines the various methods neurochemists utilize to answer questions about these two diseases. The remainder of the course focuses on the epidemiological, neuroanatomical, cellular, biochemical, and molecular aspects of the two diseases. Multiple sclerosis is a more intercellular question examining the interaction of immune cells and the glia of the nervous system whereas Alzheimer’s disease tends to focus more on intracellular mechanisms leading to the synthesis of beta-amyloid and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the two hallmarks of this disease. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: PSYC 379 Corequisite: NEUR 379L Prerequisites: (PSYC 170 or PSYC 275 or NEUR 170 ) and (BIOL 182 or BIOL 212) and CHEM 263 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 379L - Fundamentals of Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology Lab Required corequisite to NEUR 379 . Credits: 0.00 Corequisite: NEUR 379 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 381 - Behavioral Genetics An introduction which demonstrates that nature and nurture both play a fundamental role in the development of behavioral traits; and how genes interact with environment to shape the development of various behavioral traits. The course will use an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the studies in genetics, neuroscience, and behavior; with a comparative approach to explore human and other animal models; and cover the traditional behavioral genetic methodologies as well as modern molecular genetic techniques. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: PSYC 381 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: NEUR 170 or PSYC 170 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 384 - Fundamentals of Neurophysiology This seminar and laboratory course examines the physiology of the nervous system. Topics include ion channel structure and function, synaptic transmission, second messenger systems, neuromodulation, the neurophysiological basis of behavior in “simple” animals, the evolution of neural circuits, the cellular basis of learning and memory, and the cellular basis of selected human nervous system diseases. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: BIOL 384 & PSYC 384 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: NEUR 170 or PSYC 170 or PSYC 275 or BIOL 182 or BIOL 212 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 385 - Neuroethology Neuroethology is a sub-field of neuroscience focused on the study of the neural basis of natural behavior. Many types of behavior and a wide array of animals are studied, and the approach is often comparative and evolutionary. Students delve into the neuroethological literature, examining the neural basis of animal communication, navigation, movement, sensory processing, feeding, aggression, and learning. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: BIOL 385 & PSYC 385 Corequisite: NEUR 385L Prerequisites: NEUR 170 or PSYC 170 or PSYC 275 or BIOL 182 or BIOL 212 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Recommended: PSYC 309 or BIOL 320 (formerly BIOL 220) is recommended. Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 385L - Neuroethology Lab Required corequisite to NEUR 385 . Laboratory exercises teach methods of behavioral analysis and electrophysiological recording techniques. Credits: 0.25 Corequisite: NEUR 385 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 389 - Molecular Neurobiology Examines the cell biology behind the functioning of the nervous system. Students explore how cells make fate decisions during neural development, how neurons elaborate the complex structures they take on, how they form and refine specific connections, and how these together allow the precise transmissions of complex signals. Students also examine the molecular pathways by which sensory systems transduce physical stimuli into electrochemical signals and integrate that information into the nervous system. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: BIOL 389 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: BIOL 182 or BIOL 212 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 391 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 491 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 498 - Senior Thesis Neuroscience majors plan and carry out one-term experimental research projects under the guidance of faculty members in the neuroscience program; such students enroll in NEUR 498 in either the fall or spring. For students who wish to be considered for honors, two-term thesis projects are required; such students enroll in NEUR 498 in the fall and NEUR 499 in the spring. On occasion, students who are not pursuing honors or high honors may complete two semesters of senior research by taking NEUR 498 in the fall and NEUR 499 in the spring. With permission, PSYC 450, when appropriate, may be substituted for 498. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Neuroscience Majors and Minors Class Restriction: Only Senior Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	NEUR 499 - Senior Thesis Neuroscience majors plan and carry out one-term experimental research projects under the guidance of faculty members in the neuroscience program; such students enroll in NEUR 498 in either the fall or spring. For students who wish to be considered for honors, two-term thesis projects are required; such students enroll in NEUR 498 in the fall and NEUR 499 in the spring. On occasion, students who are not pursuing honors or high honors may complete two semesters of senior research by taking NEUR 498 in the fall and NEUR 499 in the spring. With permission, PSYC 450, when appropriate, may be substituted for NEUR 498 . Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Neuroscience Majors Class Restriction: Only Senior Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
Peace and Conflict Studies
	PCON 111 - Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies Provides an introduction to the interdisciplinary study of peace and conflict, as well as to the peace and conflict studies major. Focuses on attempts to study and explain the evolution of warfare and the dynamics of peace from the early Modern period to today’s most imminent and controversial security issues. Students explore the relationships between global and historical patterns of mass violence, the theoretical paradigms that attempt to account for these patterns, and the various disciplinary and methodological approaches used to explore war and peace at all levels of analysis. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 218 - Practices of Peace and Conflict: War in Lived Experience Introduces students to a range of approaches and problems in the descriptive analysis of peace and conflict. Students juxtapose core theoretical texts on war and violence from the social and human sciences with detailed ethnographic case studies. Practices of contemporary conflict are paired with the interpretive paradigms whose aim is to understand and resolve them. For example, case studies in terror are paired with the field of trauma studies; specific regional conflicts with theories of global networks; and contemporary mass violence with analysis of genocide perpetration. In the process, introduces students to important methodological paradigms from the social sciences, chiefly from anthropology, sociology, and geography, as well as humanities-based approaches from comparative religion, literature, and language studies. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: ANTH 218 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 225 - Theories of Peace and Conflict: War, State, and Society Examines problems of institutional systems and the articulation of power. Students are introduced to critical evaluation of the major theoretical approaches to the study of power and politics. Students consider rationalist, functionalist, and interpretive approaches in the social sciences, as they relate to questions of peace and conflict. Students examine the specific operative theories that have emerged out of these intellectual traditions - theories of state formation, security, international norms, and transnational networks - as they have been incorporated into and further developed in the study of peace and conflict. Students test major theories on case studies linked to major world events. For example, deterrence theory is examined in light of the end of the Cold War. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 240 - Waging Nonviolence: Theory, Practice, and Critique When people think about the social movements behind struggles for revolutionary change or territorial independence, they often imagine armed insurrections, guerrilla armies, and terrorist organizations. Yet nonviolent movements are far more likely to achieve revolution or independence than violent movements. Nonviolent movements are also more likely to install durable and democratic governments after the conflict is over. These nonviolent victories often take place when movements abandon violence and adopt civil resistance as their leading strategy. To understand these global trends, this course investigates the dynamics of violent and nonviolent conflicts using theories of social movements. This theoretical understanding is tested using comparative case study analysis, student research projects, computer game play, and real-world simulations. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 245 - Organizing War: Military Governments make war but the military fights them. How modern militaries are built impacts their world – and ours. Concentrating on the US armed forces, this class explores how mission, thought, culture, and politics shape the military and its functions. Part of our challenge is to understand the relationship among these factors. This course discusses major themes in modern military studies, with a focus on military organization. It explores why militaries change and adapt – or fail to – and asks what exactly they are meant to do in the first place. Students gain literacy in major topics and controversies in military studies and major issues in current military policymaking, as well as learn practical career skills through practice creating executive summaries. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Senior Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 250 - Critical Peace Studies Examines human conflict and attempts to understand the worldwide decline in warfare since the end of the Cold War. This examination is framed in terms of the original debate within peace studies: the minimalist or negative peace school versus the maximalist or positive peace approach. Whereas the negative peace school focused on techniques to interrupt or preempt specific instances of mass violence (e.g., through mediation, conflict resolution, intervention, and peace-building/peace-enforcement), the positive peace school advanced a more ambitious scientific and political agenda to prevent wars from ever happening again by understanding and addressing violence in all its forms (physical, mental, structural, symbolic, etc.). Students interrogate both approaches vis-à-vis the historical and empirical record of armed conflict. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Senior Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 260 - Gender in Conflict and Peace Aims to make a feminist sense of contemporary wars and conflicts. Students trace the gendered processes of defining citizenship, national identity and security, and examine the role of the military in the construction of femininity and masculinity. One of the most prominent social constructions of gender is that of the male provider/warrior and the female caregiver/peacemaker. The making of war depends in large part on the maintenance of this simplistic conceptualization. In addition, the inequalities and power imbalances that lead to situations of conflict, at both macro- and micro-levels, reflect and reinforce the structural and discursive inequality between men and women. The class is interdisciplinary and gives equal weight to theory and practice while drawing on writings by local and global theorist and activists. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Senior Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 291 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 301 - International Human Rights and Advocacy The gap between the promise of international human rights law and its actual practice is vast. For many advocates and activists, the gap is a source of frustration as international human rights laws and norms rarely translate into basic protections at the level of the individual. This course is designed to make students aware of the contentious nature of human rights, both in theory and in practice. It is premised on the idea that human rights are constantly claimed and developed, if not made anew, by multiple actors–whether as rights-holders, advocates, or otherwise, and that this takes place in the context of intense struggle between state and non-state actors. Students examine both the international human rights regime and the struggle for human rights, and how they interact in practice. The course takes a purposeful right-based and victim-centered approach, with the goal of introducing students to the profession of human rights advocacy. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PCON 111 or PCON 218 or ANTH 218 or SOAN 218 or PCON 225 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 304 - Criminal Underworld: Drugs, Guns, Bodies Examines the violent networks of the illicit global economy: from guns and drugs smuggling, to human trafficking and animal poaching among others. Drawing from multiple scholarly traditions, it compares the concrete geographical organization of these illicit networks - that is, where and how they become grounded - and asks the following questions: What are the relationships of these illegal activities to legal circuits of power and profit? In what ways are transnational criminal networks redefining the nature of contemporary violence and the meaning of peace? Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: GEOG 304 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No First-year Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 310 - Geopolitics Broadly defined, Geopolitics is the study of “the relationship among politics and geography, demography, and economics, especially with respect to the foreign policy of a nation.” As the study of political geography on a global scale, geopolitics examines the relationship between territories, boundaries, and states in the “closed system” we call planet earth. But geopolitics is more than an academic field. Geopolitical thought has actually instructed states how to relate to one another in the contest for territory, security, and resources. For example, the history of geopolitical analysis is closely connected to – and has often justified – various imperial projects. As a result, this course examines the relation between the development of geopolitical thought on one hand, and geopolitical events on the other. Of particular importance to the relation between theories of geopolitics and the actual geostrategies of states has been the development of conflict on a planetary scale. And so, this course traces that relation through the study of geopolitical thought and practice in the course of imperial struggles in the 19th century, World Wars and the threat of nuclear wars in the 20th, and new global challenges such as resource wars and environmental security in our own time. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: GEOG 310 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No First-year Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 314 - Media War: Peace and Conflict in the Digital Age The first purpose of the course is to demonstrate the central importance of media in defining the reality of war, peace, and violence in modern culture. The second goal is to introduce, in a selective manner, film, art, and written works that shaped these definitions. The primary framework is chronological, beginning with a survey of images of war and peace in art, covering in detail World War I and World War II, and ending with current images of war and of preparations for nuclear war. The secondary framework distinguishes types or degrees of war: World War I and World War II, civil wars (Spain) and genocide (the Armenians, the Jews in Europe); struggles of national liberation (Vietnam and Algeria); and prospects of global holocaust, this last creating new imagery - both positive and negative - in art, poetry, fiction, and film. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 322 - Weapons and War: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Mustard gas, airpower, submarines, A-bombs, Agent Orange, landmines, terror wars, “Star Wars”: weapons technology profoundly shaped the science, politics, and culture of the last century. This course explores the myriad effects of the production, deployment, and use of weapons. Specifically, the course considers how the horizons of science and technology have been shaped by the quest for ever-more-powerful or -sophisticated weaponry; how the creation of new weapons changes the nature of war and peace; how new weapons may impact lives and the planet; terror as a weapon, and scientific and social responses to it; the role of media images in the public consciousness of weaponry and war; and impacts of the global arms trade. While critically theorizing the social, environmental, and philosophical impacts of war over the past century, the course also examines the place of global ethics in discussions about weapons and war. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PCON 111 or PCON 218 or ANTH 218 or SOAN 218 or PCON 225 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No First-year Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 327 - Australia’s Stolen Generations: The Legacies of Carrolup (Extended Study) The intellectual goal of this extended study course is to address issues of both population vulnerabilities and cultural resilience by considering Aborigines in Australia, and specifically engaging the historical geography and the contemporary experience of the Noongar community in Western Australia. Three themes form the curricular program of the extended study. (1) Students will study the historical geography of Aborigines in Australia within the context of European colonization and settlement, federation and nation-building. These issues will be framed using concepts of population vulnerability, environmental impact, and cultural heritage and identity at the national, regional and local geographic scales. (2) Students study the impacts of national, regional and local policies directed toward indigenous peoples on Aboriginal families and children, given particular focus to programs concerning part-Aboriginal children, Australia’s Stolen Generations. (3) Students learn the ways in which Aboriginal culture and “care for country” has remained resilient across time, space, and generations. Credits: 0.50 Crosslisted: GEOG 327 Corequisite: GEOG 319 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 329 - Environmental Security About how the environment poses one of the most important security threats of the 21st century. From an interdisciplinary perspective, introduces students to the different ways that climate change and environmental problems more generally are presenting new kinds of security threats. In many ways, greater environmental concern from governments and international organizations over the dramatic environmental changes afoot in the world is a welcome development. But will the “environmental security” framework reinforce global inequalities and maintain the status quo? Or might it mean rethinking the very foundations of what we mean by “security”? Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: GEOG 329 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 333 - Religious Faith and Social Ethics Social ethics pursues questions about how human societies ought to organize themselves and their relations to other communities in order to realize human values. For many people around the world, religious faith provides the ultimate framework for value decisions. Texts include works by earlier religious leaders of movements for social-political-economic justice (e.g., Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.) as well as very recent works addressing current issues such as ethnic/international/religious conflict, environmental devastation, globalization, and religious terrorism. In addition, one or two texts develop basic models for religious social ethics. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: RELG 333 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 340 - Terror and Counter - Terror: Histories and Logics of Asymmetric Warfare For as long as empires and states have been going to war, people have been fighting them with the tactics and technologies now known as terrorism and guerrilla warfare. Asymmetric warfare, however, is no mere historical artifact. It dominates headlines as much as it confounds leaders around the world. Central to this course are several in depth case studies of counter-insurgency and terrorism, including France in Algeria and Indochina; the British in Malaya, East Africa and Northern Ireland; state terrorism in Latin America during the Cold War; and the United States in the Philippines, Vietnam, and, after September 11, 2001, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. The evolution of non-state terrorism — from the violent acts of Anarchists in the late 19th Century to the potentially apocalyptic terrorism of radical religious groups the early 21st Century — also comes under scrutiny. From Clausewitz to General Petraeus, from Mao Zedong to Ayman Al-Zawahiri, this class explores how asymmetric war is lived and understood by various observers and participants. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PCON 111 or PCON 218 or ANTH 218 or SOAN 218 or PCON 225 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 341 - War and the Shaping of American Politics Examines the impact of warfare, expansion, and national security policy on the development of domestic American institutions and politics since the Revolution. War’s impact has been multifaceted and contradictory, fueling a politics of reaction and repression in many contexts while serving as a catalyst for advances in political, racial, and economic equality and inclusion in others. Students will explore those contradictions by connecting war mobilization and security politics to the trajectory of American political development and state/society relations over time. Topics include: the role of the putatively weak American state in shaping 19th century territorial expansion; the effect of wartime mobilization and participation on racial politics; the interplay of warfare and the welfare state in American history; the postwar politics of the “military-industrial complex;” and the impact of foreign policy and national security on the American party system. Readings will engage such topics from the perspective of political scientists, sociologists, and historians working on a broad empirical terrain ranging over several centuries. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: POSC 341 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 345 - Transitional and Historical Justice In what ways and under what conditions do states pursue justice for past wrongs? Is democracy credible without confronting the abuses of previous regimes? This course examines the theories and practices of transitional and historical justice since 1945. It presents a global line-up of case studies, which students evaluate in a comparative framework. Specific topics include Post-WWII Germany, Latin America, South Africa, Rwanda, Eastern Europe after 1989, Cambodia, Australia, and the United States. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 351 - The Israel/Palestine Conflict Focuses on the longstanding struggle between Israelis and Palestinians, as well as on the history of the way the conflict has been defined (e.g., an Arab-Israeli conflict, a religious war between Jews and Muslims, etc.). The course profiles episodes in the history of the conflict–and of the efforts to resolve it–in light of contemporary developments across the globe. The war of 1948 is analyzed in light of decolonization struggles following WWII, just as the “Six-Day War” of 1967 is studied in light of Cold War politics. In addition to focusing on flashpoints in the history of the conflict, the course also examines international agendas for ending it. Repeated US efforts to broker a peace are analyzed in light of geopolitical developments elsewhere. Students will become well-versed in the historical and social developments of the conflict and study the various treaties, armistice agreements, and memoranda that have guided efforts to bring it to a conclusion. They also study outstanding issues in the contest between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, as well as current peace and armistice proposals. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: MIST 351 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No First-year Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 355 - Rwanda since the 1994 Genocide Assesses the Rwandan experience of post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation to ask how sustainable is the country’s post-genocide recovery? Principally concerned with understanding how to do field research in difficult settings such as post-genocide Rwanda. Using the ‘do no harm’ framework of doing research with individuals who have lived through mass violence, students are equipped to undertake research in foreign field settings beyond the Rwandan case. In particular, students learn to design a ‘human subjects’ research proposal, rooted in The Belmont Report of ethical research and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Using Rwanda since the 1994 genocide as a case study, these principles will be studied to highlight their shortcomings in the context of research in post-conflict societies, while highlighting the importance of ethical research methods. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: ALST 355 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PCON 111 or PCON 218 or SOAN 218 or ANTH 218 or PCON 225 or ALST 201 or CORE 189C Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 358 - Transnational Politics Examines the segment of world politics that includes interactions and transactions between actors who are not representatives of governments or intergovernmental institutions. Non-state actors as diverse as global social movements, multinational corporations, religious communities, and even terrorist networks are now recognized as playing crucial roles on the world’s political stage. This course focuses on a variety of these transnational actors, as we seek to stretch the limits of state-based approaches, and emphasize the rich variety of relationships and interactions that characterizes contemporary world politics. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: POSC 358 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 368 - After Genocide: Memory and Representation An investigation of the impact of genocide on the self and the imagination’s representations in literature, film, and art. Primary texts include poetry, memoir, video testimony, film, and visual art. Scholarly methodology involves readings of literary criticism and theoretical work in the study of trauma, literary theory, and testimony. Among the questions the course asks are: How does trauma shape imagination and open up access to the site of disaster that is now carried in fragments which inform memory? How do representations of violence shape and inflect aesthetic orientations and literary and artistic forms? The course concerns itself with the aftermath of two 20th-century genocides–that of the Armenians in Turkey during World War I and of the Jews in Europe during World War II–both seminal events of the 20th century that, in various ways, became models for ensuing genocides. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: ENGL 368 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 391 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 479 - Research Seminar: Peace and Conflict, Themes and Analysis This is a theme-based seminar that examines the literature of peace and conflict studies and other relevant theoretical and analytical work relating to violence and conflict resolution at all levels of society. The seminar also focuses on the range of responses to war and violence, by both the state and the peace movement. Significant independent and group research is required. This course is required of all peace and conflict studies majors and minors in the senior year, but is open to others who meet the prerequisites. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PCON 111 and (PCON 218 or SOAN 218 or ANTH 218 ) and PCON 225 plus a minimum of three courses completed from cluster 2, and two courses completed from cluster 3. Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Peace & Conflict Studies Majors Class Restriction: Only Senior Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 491 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PCON 499 - Honors Seminar in Peace and Conflict Studies Students qualified to pursue honors or high honors take this seminar in the spring of the senior year to complete or extend the thesis they have already begun in PCON 479. Enrollment is limited to seniors with a cumulative GPA of 3.30 or higher and a major GPA of 3.50 or higher, who have had their honors/high honors research proposal approved by the Peace and Conflict Studies faculty. To qualify for honors students must have achieved an A- or higher in PCON 479, or receive permission from the program director. Students who are not pursuing honors may also take this seminar to conduct independent research, by permission of the program director. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Spring semester only Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PCON 479 Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Peace & Conflict Studies Majors Class Restriction: Only Senior Restrictions: Permission of the program director is required Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
Philosophy Course classifications: Major Figures (MF) Metaphysics and Epistemology (M&E) Value Theory (VT)
	PHIL 101 - Introduction to Philosophical Problems Acquaints students with the nature of philosophical problems and the means by which one might try to solve them. Readings and discussions are organized around perennial questions regarding the nature of morality and justice, free will, the existence of God, the meaning of life, the nature of knowledge, and the relation between mind and body. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 111 - Ethics Explores central questions of morality. What makes a good life good? What makes some actions right and others wrong? Are there human rights that everyone has? What are our obligations to others? Are there good answers to these questions, or is it all relative? Among the philosophers explored are Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Bentham, Mill, and various significant contemporary thinkers. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 121 - Political Philosophy Explores central questions in political philosophy, with an emphasis on the great figures in the tradition (including Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, and Marx). Among those questions are, what justifies the state? Is democracy the only legitimate form of government? How much freedom should be secured for individuals? How should we understand the ideal of equality? Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 202 - Environmental Ethics An introduction to the field of environmental ethics. Some of the major figures and philosophies in the environmental movement are studied and critically analyzed with a particular emphasis on the ethical reasoning and its influences on environmental policies and practices. Topics include the historical development of the environmental movement, central debates between preservationist and conservationist ethics, intrinsic and instrumental evaluations of the natural environment and its inhabitants, animal rights and the ethical treatment of animals, shallow and deep ecological distinctions, and anthropocentric versus biocentric and ecocentric evaluations of nature. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: ENST 202 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 214 - Medical Ethics Addresses urgent moral questions that arise in the field of medicine. Some of these are long standing. Is health strictly a biological concept, or do cultural and social norms in part determine what is good health? Should doctors act solely for the goal of improving their patients’ health, or is their central obligation to respect patient autonomy? Other questions are more recent. When exactly is a person dead, such that withdrawing life-saving equipment is appropriate? Should parents and doctors take steps to see that their children are born with more desirable traits and characteristics? Students learn how philosophic argument can help illuminate these and related issues. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 216 - Existentialism Designed to introduce students to existentialist thought via an examination of its 19th-century origins and 20th-century manifestations. Among the authors to be discussed are Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, Beauvoir, Camus, and Marcel. Among the topics to be considered are existence, freedom, subjectivity, and absurdity. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 225 - Logic I Logic is the science of correct reasoning. It provides rigorous methods for evaluating the validity of arguments. This introductory course covers the basic concepts and techniques of propositional logic and first-order predicate logic with identity, including truth tables, proofs, and elementary model theory. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Recommended: This course is suitable for students in all areas and is highly recommended for philosophy majors. Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 226 - Philosophy of Religion Can the existence of God be proven? Can it be disproven? What is the relationship between faith and reason? Does evil provide strong evidence against the existence of God? How should we think about the relationship between creation and evolution – and about the relationship between science and religion generally? Does the Christian notion of the Trinity make any sense? What about the idea of Original Sin or the Atonement? Students seek reasoned answers to many of these questions by evaluating the work of philosophers who address them. Students encounter both classical and contemporary authors, though the class focuses more on perspicacious presentations of these issues rather than on their historical development. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No Junior, Senior Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 228 - Philosophy of Science An introduction to the philosophy of science and explores issues of general philosophical interest to the sciences, rather than those germane to any particular discipline. Focus is on the issues of scientific laws, induction, theory confirmation and choice, falsificationism, reductionism, realism, explanation, prediction, and problems relevant to the special sciences. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 229 - The Philosophy of Law Examines some central ideas of jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. Readings concentrate on general theories of law, justice, legal rights, liability, and legal responsibility, and on the nature of judicial reasoning and legal principles. Some broader methodological questions pertaining to causation and the law and the relation of law and morality are discussed and related to the readings. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Formerly: PHIL 329 Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 291 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 301 - Ancient Philosophy (MF) Surveys some of the central figures and ideas of classical Greek and Roman philosophy, with particular emphasis on Plato, Aristotle and the main Hellenistic schools. Topics to be considered include the aim and method of Socratic inquiry; Plato’s epistemology, theory of forms and defense of justice; Aristotle’s logic, ontology and ethical theory; Stoic and Epicurean cosmology and ethics. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 302 - Modern Philosophy (MF) The rise of modern science together with the Reformation’s challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church created an era of intense intellectual and cultural ferment in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The philosophy of this period is called ‘modern’ because it made a distinct break with older traditions and because the questions it asked remain the central issues for philosophers today. Studying modern philosophy will help students think creatively about what there is, what we are, and what we can know. Readings will be selected from classic works by Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Hume, and Kant. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 303 - Medieval Philosophy (MF) Medieval philosophy involved the absorption and transformation of Greek and Hellenistic thought by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim thinkers, often in relations of mutual influence. The period is crucial not only for its project of reconciling reason and faith but also for philosophical insights, arguments, and formulations that have remained influential in several of the main areas of philosophy. The course focuses on questions concerning freedom of the will, the nature of moral requirements and obligation, the role of rational considerations in morality, the virtues, and ideals of human excellence. Students read figures from the three faith traditions and explore their interactions and mutual influences, as well as their differences. Coverage of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim thinkers is roughly equal, and students look at the Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian background to their thought as well as the new directions in which they took philosophy. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 304 - Kant and German Idealism (MF) German Idealism continues to be one of the most influential movements in philosophy, leaving its mark on many different fields of thought and experience, including epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, politics, and religion. Designed as an overview of the thought of the major representatives of German Idealism: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. Students will examine the problems that motivated the emergence and development of this philosophical tradition, and the new forms of philosophical argument that each of these thinkers employed in order to address these problems. In doing so, students will see that there is a sense in which Kant can be considered the father of Existentialism. The topics discussed include the doctrine of transcendental idealism, the nature and possibility of knowledge, the ground of moral obligation, human freedom, and religious belief. No prior familiarity with these issues or thinkers will be assumed. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: One course in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 306 - Recent Continental Philosophy A study of some of the major movements in recent continental philosophy. Among the movements to be considered are phenomenology, existentialism, philosophical hermeneutics, poststructuralism, and postmodernism. Among the thinkers to be considered are Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer, Sartre, Foucault, and Derrida. Movements and thinkers may vary from year to year. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: One course in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 310 - Philosophy and the Social Sciences Considers philosophical questions about the nature of the social sciences as well as philosophical questions prompted by the results and methods of the social sciences. These questions include: Do the natural sciences offer an appropriate model for the social sciences, or is there something distinctive about human phenomena that requires a fundamentally different mode of inquiry and style of explanation? Are the reasons for which we act also the causes of our actions, or are reason-based and cause-based explanations of human behavior fundamentally distinct? Are economists correct in their assumptions about the rationality of economic agents? Is it possible, or desirable, to conduct social scientific research in a value-neutral fashion? If not, what are the consequences for the objectivity of the social sciences? Are our values and moral attitudes themselves merely the effects of natural selection, as evolutionary psychologists maintain? Readings are drawn not only from philosophy, but also from sociology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociobiology. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: One course in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 312 - Contemporary Political Philosophy (VT) Offers a critical engagement with the rich work in political philosophy that has appeared since the landmark publication of John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice. After a close examination of Rawls’ egalitarian liberalism, students take up the range of alternative positions that dominate contemporary political theory: conservatism, libertarianism, communitarianism, feminism, Marxism, and multi-culturalism. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: No First-year Recommended: At least one course in ethics or political theory is recommended. Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 313 - International Ethics (VT) Nations increasingly come into contact with one another in a common international arena, and these encounters raise a host of important moral questions: Are there moral standards that apply across all human communities, and if so, how specific are they? Do all human beings have rights, and if they do, what are they? What duties do wealthy countries have to aid poor ones? Are there moral constraints on how war must be conducted, and if so, what are they? In this course students engage with the work of contemporary theorists exploring these and related questions. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Recommended: At least one course in ethics or political theory is recommended. Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 320 - 20th-Century Analytic Philosophy (M&E) Employs the tools of analytic philosophy to address the large topic of the mind, the world, and the relation between them; students also explore the closely related topics of how our concepts get their content and how our language gets its meaning. By analyzing both our concepts and our experience, students will try to answer questions like: What is the relation between experience and the world beyond the mind? Do beliefs about the world amount to knowledge? Is the content of experience conceptual – and so fully expressible in language – or does experience have a richness that always surpasses the expressive power of language? Where do concepts come from? What fixes their content, and what fixes the meaning of the words that express them? If the content of language is based in part on experience, can one understand the language of someone whose experience is different? Course readings will include works by Russell, Carnap, Quine, Sellars, Davidson, and McDowell. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: One course in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 325 - Logic II Covers a selection of advanced topics in logic: computability, Turing machines, soundness and completeness theorems, undecidability of predicate logic, Skolem-Löweheim theorems, nonstandard models, and Gödel’s incompleteness theorems. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: PHIL 225 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 330 - Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art (VT) Discussion of the classical writings of philosophers on art and central ideas of aesthetics: form and content, expression, taste, and standards of criticism are included in this course. Readings include Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche, etc., as well as contemporary essays. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 332 - Philosophy of Race and Racism Serves as a sustained investigation into the concepts of race and racism through an examination of metaphysical, psychological, ethical, linguistic, and political problems associated with race. Topics to be discussed include the nature of race (are races real and if so what are they?), the formation of racial identities, individual and institutional racism, and notions of distributive and compensatory justice and how they are used to address issues of racial injustice. Readings include Appiah, Boxill, DuBois, Fanon, Garcia, Hacking, Lycan, Taylor, and others. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: ALST 332 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 333 - Topics in Environmental Philosophy Involves a critical examination of selected fundamental issues and theories in environmental philosophy. Precise issues and themes vary from year to year, but may include sustainability and moral obligations to future generations; the nature of the good life for humans; the status of environmental values; recent work in environmental ethics theories including deep ecology, social ecology, and ecofeminism; the moral and metaphysical status of human modifications to the world, including environmental restoration and genetic engineering; and aesthetics of the natural world. An emphasis is placed on exploring the connections between philosophical theory and environmental policy and practice. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 335 - Contemporary Epistemology (M&E) Examines contemporary theories of how knowledge claims are justified, and also how these theories respond to skeptical challenges. This involves detailing fundamental strategies of epistemic justification such as foundationalism, coherentism, and naturalism. Students also inquire into what makes a body of beliefs a structure of knowledge and consider how the interpretation of rationality is related to these questions of justification. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: One course in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 340 - Metaphysics (M&E) A systematic study of central issues involved in theorizing about reality at the most general level. Is the world a world of substances or a world of events? What is the nature of causation? Do concepts and statements refer to the world as it is in itself, or is such a notion idle or incoherent? How are such things as possibility and necessity and laws of nature to be understood? The topics are handled in a way that stresses the historical persistence of the debates over these issues but focuses on recent and contemporary discussions of the topics. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: Two courses in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 341 - Philosophy of Mind (M&E) Examines the historical and contemporary debates about the nature of the mind. These questions are considered: How do minds (or their states or products) manage to be about things? Are all minds conscious? How serious is the difference between first-person and third-person perspectives on mental activity? What beyond consciousness is required for self-hood? What grounds our concept of mental health? What kind of mind makes individuals responsible for their behavior? Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 342 - Philosophy of Language (M&E) Examines major topics and insights in the philosophy of language from its modern inception in the late 19th century to the present. Core questions include: How does linguistic meaning relate to how people use language to communicate? What is meaning’s relationship to concepts like reference, truth, verification and use? Is there a systematic theory that can generate the meaning of every sentence in a language? In answering the above questions, students master the logical and conceptual tools for analyzing particular parts of language, which may include names, definite descriptions, demonstratives, metaphors, slurs, and other interesting linguistic expressions. Among the thinkers discussed are Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Austin, Grice, Quine, Searle, Davidson, and Kripke. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Recommended: A prior course in logic is recommended. Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 343 - Topics in Moral Theory (VT) Moral theory concerns what makes acts right or wrong, what makes people good or bad. In addressing these issues, the course also considers the following questions: Do moral standards apply universally, or are they relative to one’s culture, religion, or other moral framework? Can we reconcile the impartiality of morality with the partiality we feel toward certain people, such as parents, spouses, or children? Are there ethical principles that apply in all circumstances, or is morality fundamentally a case-by-case affair? This course centers primarily on contemporary approaches to these questions, with the aim of enabling students to address these questions critically and rigorously. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 345 - Topics in African-American Philosophy (VT) An introduction to issues in African-American philosophy. In particular, it explores the political and ideological goals of leading intellectuals from the 19th century to the present. From DuBois and Delany to the black power movement of the 1960s, analysis of African-American experiences has produced divergent strategies intended to better the condition of black communities in America. The course investigates nationalist strategies and their roots in notions of black identity as they have been developed through the writings of intellectuals, artists, and political figures. It also addresses challenges as to whether or not non-integrationist strategies can be used to achieve social equality. Authors include Elizabeth Anderson, Anthony Appiah, Countée Cullen, Martin Delany, W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Alain Locke, Claude McKay, Tommie Shelby, Malcolm X, Huey P. Newton, and Bobby Seale. Credits: 1.00 Crosslisted: ALST 345 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 360 - Feminist Philosophy Explores questions at the intersection of feminist philosophy and the theory of knowledge (epistemology). How have gendered assumptions influenced philosophical views about what knowledge is and how knowledge is best pursued? What roles, if any, should considerations of gender play in our theories of knowledge? In addition to these general questions, students address issues in feminist philosophy of science, specifically issues concerning the scientific study of sexual differences in behavior and brain structure. The role of testimony in the transmission of knowledge is also considered. Feminist epistemologists and philosophers of language have explored ways in which gender affects the assessment of testimony as trustworthy. Patterns of acceptance of testimony matter for how the claims people make—in law courts and elsewhere—are heard (or not) by others. Concludes by considering what this means for the proper philosophical treatment of testimony about personal experience. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 371 - Scottish Philosophy and the Fact-Value Distinction (Study Group) The distinctions between fact and value, reason and emotion, and objectivity and subjectivity, have long and varied histories. This course examines the role those distinctions played in two thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment: David Hume and Adam Smith. The motivations for and benefits of these distinctions are explored, with special attention paid to Hume’s concerns about religious “enthusiasm.” Rigid versions of these distinctions have, however been criticized for their serious costs in both epistemology and ethics. The course engages recent major criticisms, and then considers whether Hume or Smith might have had a more nuanced understanding of the distinctions they worked with than their many followers did. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 380 - Issues in Epistemology and Metaphysics (M&E) This is an umbrella course designed to allow students to delve into specific topics in epistemology or metaphysics. The study will situate each problem in its appropriate historical context thus allowing student access to the approaches to a given issue offered in Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and recent works. The course will bring students inside some problems and methods that lie at the heart of philosophy by inquiring into issues such as the structure of knowledge, our basis for making claims about other minds, possible worlds, skepticism, and the justification of belief. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: A course in philosophy, preferably PHIL 335 or PHIL 340 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 381 - Issues in Epistemology and Metaphysics (M&E) This is an umbrella course designed to allow students to delve into specific topics in epistemology or metaphysics. The study will situate each problem in its appropriate historical context thus allowing student access to the approaches to a given issue offered in Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and recent works. The course will bring students inside some problems and methods that lie at the heart of philosophy by inquiring into issues such as the structure of knowledge, our basis for making claims about other minds, possible worlds, skepticism, and the justification of belief. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 391 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 405 - Major Figures in Philosophy Studies the thought of a central figure in the history of philosophy. A different thinker is the subject of the seminar in different years. The seminar is primarily for majors in philosophy. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Philosophy Majors Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 411 - Wittenstein and the Philosophy of Language This seminar is a detailed study of the thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. This course first examines his early work in relation to problems about the nature of logic and language raised by Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell, and then it uses Wittgenstein’s later work to explore the nature of meaning and the concept of mind. Throughout, this course attempts to articulate the character and purpose of philosophical inquiry. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: Three courses in philosophy Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Philosophy & Religion, Philosophy Majors Class Restriction: None Recommended: A prior course in logic is recommended. Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 417 - Advanced Topics in Philosophy The choice of a central philosophical problem to study varies from year to year. The seminar is primarily for majors in philosophy. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Philosophy & Religion, Philosophy Majors and Minors Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 418 - Advanced Topics in Philosophy The choice of a central philosophical problem to study varies from year to year. The seminar is primarily for majors in philosophy. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Philosophy & Religion, Philosophy Majors and Minors Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 419 - Contemporary Moral Theory Focuses on questions about the status of moral value (whether it is objective or subjective, and in what sense) and questions about the respective roles of reason and sensibility in moral judgment and moral motivation. The central concern is how best to understand and explain the metaphysics, epistemology, and semantics of moral value. Is there moral knowledge? Are values grounded in feeling or desire? Are there moral facts? Students explore the basic character of moral judgment and moral language, with special attention to developments during recent decades. The seminar is primarily for majors in philosophy. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: Three courses in philosophy, including a course in ethics Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Philosophy & Religion, Philosophy Majors and Minors Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 490 - Honors Students pursuing honors in philosophy enroll in this course. Credits: 1.00 Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHIL 491 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: Only Philosophy Majors Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Human Thought and Expression Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
Physics
	PHYS 105 - Mechanical Physics I Covers fundamental principles of Newtonian mechanics and their applications into science, engineering, and in particular, architecture. Selected topics including waves, fluids, optics, electricity and magnetism, and thermal physics are aimed toward applications in the geosciences. Not suitable for students majoring in programs or concentrations requiring two or more semesters of physics. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Fall semester only, but not necessarily every year Corequisite: PHYS 105L Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 105L - Mechanical Physics I Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 105 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Fall semester only, but not necessarily every year Corequisite: PHYS 105 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 111 - Fundamental Physics I This introductory course emphasizes concepts and principles of mechanics, heat, waves, and sound. The focus is on building concepts, grasping principles, and learning how consequences of principles and concepts can be quantitatively calculated and measured. Students may not take this course after having completed PHYS 431. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: PHYS 111L Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 111L - Fundamental Physics I Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 111 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: PHYS 111 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 112 - Fundamental Physics II Develops concepts and principles of electricity, magnetism, light, and modern physics. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Spring semester only Corequisite: PHYS 112L Prerequisites: PHYS 111 with a grade of C- or higher. Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 112L - Fundamental Physics II Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 112 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Spring semester only Corequisite: PHYS 112 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 131 - Atoms and Waves An introduction to modern physics via the concepts and discoveries of the 20th century. Topics include the structure and dynamics of atoms, special relativity, wave-particle duality of matter, and fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Studies contemporary physics using algebra, trigonometry, and a minimum of calculus. Two lectures, two problem-solving recitations, and one laboratory meeting per week. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: PHYS 131L , PHYS 131RE Prerequisites: Students who plan to continue into PHYS 232 should co-register for MATH 161 Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Recommended: This course is required for students planning to major in physics, physics-astronomy, or physical science, and for students interested in pre-engineering. Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 131L - Atoms and Waves Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 131 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: PHYS 131 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 201 - Mathematical Methods for Physics This half-semester course is an introduction to computational physics, providing the mathematical foundation required for sophomore- through senior-level physics courses. Credits: 0.25 Corequisite: PHYS 201L , PHYS 232 Prerequisites: with a grade of C- or higher. (MATH 163 may be taken concurrently) Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 201L - Mathematical Methods for Physics Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 201 . Credits: 0.00 Corequisite: PHYS 201 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 205 - Mathematical Methods of Physics A one-semester introduction to the mathematical methods of physics, with an emphasis on applications and how these methods are used to approach various problems. The course will cover topics such as ordinary differential equations, complex numbers and Euler’s equation, linear systems, Fourier series, Fourier transforms, computational techniques, series expansions, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems, vector differentiation, divergence and curl, integration methods and multi-dimensional integrals. These topics will be brought to bear on physical problems such as the damped and driven oscillator, coupled oscillators, electric dipoles, beat frequencies, electromagnetic waves and electrostatic boundary-value problems. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: None Prerequisites: MATH 163 with a grade of C- or higher. Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Formerly: PHYS 202, 203 & 204 Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 232 - Introduction to Mechanics A study of classical mechanics using astronomical themes. The principles of kinematics, dynamics, conservation laws, and gravitation are developed and used to understand the properties of astronomical objects such as planetary systems, binary stars, and galaxies. Treatment is more thorough than in PHYS 111. Differential and integral calculus and vector manipulation are used throughout. Two lectures, two recitation meetings, and one laboratory session per week. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Spring semester only Corequisite: PHYS 232L , PHYS 201 Prerequisites: PHYS 131 and MATH 161 both with a grade of C- or higher. Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Restrictions: Students may not take this course after having completed PHYS 431 . Recommended: Required for students planning to major in physics, astronomy-physics, or physical science, and for students interested in pre-engineering. It is also recommended for chemistry majors. Students who plan to take physics courses beyond PHYS 232 should co-register in MATH 163 and PHYS 201 . Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 232L - Introduction to Mechanics Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 232 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Spring semester only Corequisite: PHYS 232 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 233 - Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism The classical theory of electricity and magnetism is assembled from observations of nature and physical inference, using differential and integral calculus. Emphasis is on the fundamental roles played by the electric and magnetic fields, their geometrical properties, and their dynamics. Principles of elementary circuits are also included. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: PHYS 233L Prerequisites: PHYS 201 and PHYS 232 and MATH 163 both with a grade of C- or higher. Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Restrictions: Students are not eligible to take this course after completing PHYS 431 . Recommended: This course is required for students planning to major in the physical sciences and pre-engineering. Students planning to take physics courses beyond PHYS 233 should co-register in PHYS 205 . Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 233L - Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 233 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: PHYS 233 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 291 - Independent Study Opportunity for individual study in areas not covered by formal course offerings, under the guidance of a member of the faculty. Credits: variable Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 304 - Physical Optics A study of physical optics from the basics to advanced topics, such as optical instrumentation, Fourier optics, laser physics, and holography. The course prepares students for knowledgeable use of optical instruments in fields such as astronomy and teaches modern laser techniques for use in basic and applied research. Four lecture meetings and one laboratory meeting each week. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Spring semester only, in alternate years Corequisite: PHYS 304L Prerequisites: PHYS 233 and (PHYS 201 and PHYS 202 and PHYS 203 and PHYS 204) or (PHYS 201 and PHYS 205 ) all with a grade of C- or higher. Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Formerly: PHYS 404 Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 304L - Physical Optics Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 304 . Credits: 0.25 When Offered: Spring semester only, in alternate years Corequisite: PHYS 304 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Formerly: PHYS 404L Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 310 - Advanced Topics and Experiments This is an optional junior-year research experience open to qualified students. Under the guidance of a faculty mentor, each student works on an experimental or theoretical project that ideally produces original results. A final thesis and a formal oral presentation are essential components of the course. Credits: 1.00 When Offered: Fall semester only Corequisite: None Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: Only Junior Area of Inquiry: Natural Sciences & Mathematics Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term
	PHYS 310L - Advanced Topics and Experiments Lab Required corequisite to PHYS 310 . Credits: 0.00 Corequisite: PHYS 310 Prerequisites: None Major/Minor Restrictions: None Class Restriction: None Area of Inquiry: None Liberal Arts CORE: None Click here for Course Offerings by term

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Course Descriptions

NEUR 379 - Fundamentals of Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology

NEUR 379L - Fundamentals of Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology Lab

NEUR 381 - Behavioral Genetics

NEUR 384 - Fundamentals of Neurophysiology

NEUR 385 - Neuroethology

NEUR 385L - Neuroethology Lab

NEUR 389 - Molecular Neurobiology

NEUR 391 - Independent Study

NEUR 491 - Independent Study

NEUR 498 - Senior Thesis

NEUR 499 - Senior Thesis

PCON 111 - Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies

PCON 218 - Practices of Peace and Conflict: War in Lived Experience

PCON 225 - Theories of Peace and Conflict: War, State, and Society

PCON 240 - Waging Nonviolence: Theory, Practice, and Critique

PCON 245 - Organizing War: Military

PCON 250 - Critical Peace Studies

PCON 260 - Gender in Conflict and Peace

PCON 291 - Independent Study

PCON 301 - International Human Rights and Advocacy

PCON 304 - Criminal Underworld: Drugs, Guns, Bodies

PCON 310 - Geopolitics

PCON 314 - Media War: Peace and Conflict in the Digital Age

PCON 322 - Weapons and War: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

PCON 327 - Australia’s Stolen Generations: The Legacies of Carrolup (Extended Study)

PCON 329 - Environmental Security

PCON 333 - Religious Faith and Social Ethics

PCON 340 - Terror and Counter - Terror: Histories and Logics of Asymmetric Warfare

PCON 341 - War and the Shaping of American Politics

PCON 345 - Transitional and Historical Justice

PCON 351 - The Israel/Palestine Conflict

PCON 355 - Rwanda since the 1994 Genocide

PCON 358 - Transnational Politics

PCON 368 - After Genocide: Memory and Representation

PCON 391 - Independent Study

PCON 479 - Research Seminar: Peace and Conflict, Themes and Analysis

PCON 491 - Independent Study

PCON 499 - Honors Seminar in Peace and Conflict Studies

PHIL 101 - Introduction to Philosophical Problems

PHIL 111 - Ethics

PHIL 121 - Political Philosophy

PHIL 202 - Environmental Ethics

PHIL 214 - Medical Ethics

PHIL 216 - Existentialism

PHIL 225 - Logic I

PHIL 226 - Philosophy of Religion

PHIL 228 - Philosophy of Science

PHIL 229 - The Philosophy of Law

PHIL 291 - Independent Study

PHIL 301 - Ancient Philosophy (MF)

PHIL 302 - Modern Philosophy (MF)

PHIL 303 - Medieval Philosophy (MF)

PHIL 304 - Kant and German Idealism (MF)

PHIL 306 - Recent Continental Philosophy

PHIL 310 - Philosophy and the Social Sciences

PHIL 312 - Contemporary Political Philosophy (VT)

PHIL 313 - International Ethics (VT)

PHIL 320 - 20th-Century Analytic Philosophy (M&E)

PHIL 325 - Logic II

PHIL 330 - Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art (VT)

PHIL 332 - Philosophy of Race and Racism

PHIL 333 - Topics in Environmental Philosophy

PHIL 335 - Contemporary Epistemology (M&E)

PHIL 340 - Metaphysics (M&E)

PHIL 341 - Philosophy of Mind (M&E)

PHIL 342 - Philosophy of Language (M&E)

PHIL 343 - Topics in Moral Theory (VT)

PHIL 345 - Topics in African-American Philosophy (VT)

PHIL 360 - Feminist Philosophy

PHIL 371 - Scottish Philosophy and the Fact-Value Distinction (Study Group)

PHIL 380 - Issues in Epistemology and Metaphysics (M&E)

PHIL 381 - Issues in Epistemology and Metaphysics (M&E)

PHIL 391 - Independent Study

PHIL 405 - Major Figures in Philosophy

PHIL 411 - Wittenstein and the Philosophy of Language

PHIL 417 - Advanced Topics in Philosophy

PHIL 418 - Advanced Topics in Philosophy

PHIL 419 - Contemporary Moral Theory

PHIL 490 - Honors